Who are these armed people on the mountain? On any given topic, it is far easier to find data than it used to be. As researchers, our most significant task in this new environment is to transform ourselves from data collectors to data hunters. This is what we tried to achieve in this study. We proceeded to “hunt” the useful figures from the sea of data and reached some interesting conclusions. We thought that it would be a good idea to share our findings with everyone and received great interest. For instance, when we presented this information to the Human Rights Inquiry Committee of The Turkish Grand National Assembly, their reactions were quite positive. We have, of course, analyzed the data and came to conclusions of our own. But sometimes even numbers and graphs by themselves are striking enough to exhibit a situation. We chose this as our method, thinking it best for those who are interested in this issue to establish their own relations among the pieces of data. This research encompasses 1362 PKK Terror Organization Militants who lost their lives between the years of 2001 and 2011. In this context, you can find information and data about the gender, birthplace, recruitment age, place of recruitment, year of recruitment, place of death, service time in the PKK and participation ratios of Militants. Best Regards. February 2012-Ankara Dr. Nihat Ali ÖZCAN and H. Erdem GÜRKAYNAK COMMUNICATION:
[email protected]
TEPAV Binası-TOBB Ekonomi ve Teknoloji Üniversitesi Yerleşkesi Söğütözü Cad.No: 43 Söğütözü-Ankara /Türkiye tel: +90. 312. 292 5500 faks: +90. 312. 292 5555 www.tepav.org.tr
[email protected]
WHO ARE THESE ARMED PEOPLE ON THE MOUNTAIN? Dr. Nihat Ali ÖZCAN H.Erdem GÜRKAYNAK February 2012
This research encompasses 1362 members of
the PKK Terrorist Organization who lost their lives due to a variety of reasons (conflict, illness, execution etc.) during the time between 26 September, 2001 and the year 2011. Of those 1362 PKK members, 1196 are men and 166 are women.
GENDER DISTRIBUTION OF PKK MILITANTS
Women 12%
Men 88%
DISTRIBUTION OF PKK MILITANTS ACCORDING TO THEIR COUNTRY OF BIRTH
Syria 12,49% Turkey 73,31%
Iran 9,89%
Iraq 3,72%
Other 0,22%
European Countries 0,37%
GENDER DISTRIBUTION OF PKK MILITANTS ACCORDING TO THE COUNTRY OF THEIR BIRTH
70%
60%
50%
40%
Men Women
30%
20%
10%
0% Turkey
Syria
Iran
Iraq
Europe
Other
DISTRIBUTION OF PKK MILITANTS ACCORDING TO THE COUNTRY OF THEIR BIRTH ON A REGIONAL MAP
DISTRIBUTION OF PKK MILITANTS ACCORDING TO THEIR PROVINCE OF BIRTH 18% 16% 14% 12% 10% 8%
6% 4% 2% 0%
GENDER DISTRIBUTION OF MILITANTS ACCORDING TO THEIR PROVINCE OF BIRTH 16% 14% 12% 10% 8% 6% 4% 2% 0%
Women
Men
DISTRIBUTION OF MILITANTS BY BIRTH PLACE ON THE MAP OF TURKEY
DISTRIBUTION OF PKK TERRORISTS ACCORDING TO THEIR REGION OF BIRTH 60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0% Eastern Anatolia
South East Anatolia
Mediterranean Aegean Region Region
Central Anatolia
Marmara
Black Sea
GENDER DISTRIBUTION OF PKK MILITANTS ACCORDING TO THEIR REGION OF BIRTH 50,00% 45,00% 40,00% 35,00% 30,00% 25,00% 20,00% 15,00% 10,00% 5,00% 0,00% Eastern Anatolia
South East Anatolia
Mediterranean Aegean Region Region Men
Women
Central Anatolia
Marmara
Black Sea
Age 30 and older
Age 29
Age28
Age 27
Age 26
Age 25
Age 24
Age 23
Age22
Age21
Age 20
Age 19
Age 18
Age 17
Age16
Age 15
Age 14
Age 13
Age 12 and under
DISTRIBUTION OF TERRORISTS BY RECRUITMENT AGE
16%
14%
12%
10%
8%
6%
4%
2%
0%
Men Age 29
Age28
Age 27
Age 26
Age 25
Age 24
Age 30 and older
Women Age 23
Age22
Age21
Age 20
Age 19
Age 18
Age 17
Age16
Age 15
Age 14
Age 13
Age 12 and under
GENDER DISTRIBUTION OF PKK TERRORISTS BY RECRUITMENT AGE
14%
12%
10%
8%
6%
4%
2%
0%
THE PKK AND THE PROBLEM OF CHILD SOLDIERS
Age 19 and older; 57,34%
Age 15 and under; 9,25%
Between the ages of 16 and 18; 33,41%
Age 15 and under
Between the ages of 16 and 18
Age 19 and older
AGE DISTRIBUTION OF CHILD SOLDIERS IN THE PKK
80,00% 70,00% 60,00% 50,00% Under the age of 18
40,00%
Age 18 and older 30,00% 20,00% 10,00% 0,00% Total
Men
Women
+18,-18 AGE DISTRIBUTION- WOMEN
Age 18 and older; 56,32%
Under the age of 18; 43,68%
Under the age of 18 Age 18 and older
PKK TERRORISTS’ AVERAGE AGE OF RECRUITMENT Total
19.4
Women
17.7
Men
19.6
DISTRIBUTION OF TERRORISTS ACCORDING TO THEIR COUNTRY IN WHICH THEY JOINED THE PKK
Turkey 57,13%
European Countries 8,90%
Iraq 12,70%
Other 1,24% Syria 12,28%
Iran 7,75%
GENDER DISTRIBUTION OF TERRORISTS ACCORDING TO THE COUNTRY IN WHICH THEY JOINED THE PKK 60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0% Turkey
Europe
Iraq Men
Iran Women
Syria
Other
DISTRIBUTION OF TERRORISTS ACCORDING TO THE COUNTRY IN WHICH THEY JOINED THE PKK ON A REGIONAL MAP
DISTRIBUTION OF PKK MILITANTS ACCORDING TO THEIR PROVINCE OF RECRUITMENT 20% 18% 16% 14% 12% 10% 8% 6% 4% 2% 0%
DISTRIBUTION OF PKK TERRORIST ACCORDING TO THEIR PROVINCE OF RECRUITMENT ON THE MAP OF TURKEY
GENDER DISTRIBUTION OF PKK MILITANTS ACCORDING TO THEIR PROVINCE OF RECRUITMENT 18% 16% 14% 12% 10% 8% 6% 4% 2% 0%
Men
Women
DISTRIBUTION OF PKK MILITANTS BY REGION OF RECRUITMENT 45% 40% 35% 30% 25% 20% 15% 10% 5% 0% Eastern Anatolia
South East Anatolia
Mediterranean Region
Aegean Region
Central Anatolia
Marmara
GENDER DISTRIBUTION OF PKK TERRORISTS ACCORDING TO THEIR REGION OF RECRUITMENT 40% 35% 30% 25% 20%
15% 10% 5% 0% Eastern Anatolia
South East Anatolia
Mediterranean Region Men
Aegean Region
Women
Central Anatolia
Marmara
PARTICIPATION RATIO BY PROVINCE
POPULATION RATIO OF PRESENT PROVINCES
ADANA
2.31%
5.31%
AĞRI
1.73%
1.39%
BATMAN
4.18%
1.28%
17.60%
3.90%
ERZURUM
1.59%
1.99%
HAKKARĠ
5.19%
0.66%
ĠSTANBUL
15.73%
33.28%
2.45%
9.97%
MARDĠN
10.82%
1.90%
MERSĠN
1.15%
4.23%
SĠĠRT
3.61%
0.78%
ġ.URFA
2.89%
4.16%
ġIRNAK
6.78%
1.11%
TUNCELĠ
3.90%
0.21%
VAN
9.81%
2.63%
10.25%
27.19%
DĠYARBAKIR
ĠZMĠR
DĠĞER
*The total population of the provinces above is 38,810,054
DISTRIBUTION OF PKK MILITANTS BY YEAR OF RECRUITMENT 25%
20%
15%
10%
5%
0%
GENDER DISTRIBUTION OF PKK MILITANTS BY YEAR OF RECRUITMENT 25%
20%
15%
10%
5%
0%
Men
Women
DISTRIBUTION OF PKK MILITANTS IN TURKEY AND ABROAD BY YEAR OF RECRUITMENT 14% 12% 10% 8% 6% 4% 2% 0%
Turkey
Abroad
DISTRIBUTION OF PKK MILITANTS ACCORDING TO THEIR COUNTRY OF DEATH
Turkey 79,42%
Iraq 17,61%
Iran 2,60% Syria 0,37%
DISTRIBUTION OF PKK MILITANTS ACCORDING TO THEIR PROVINCE OF DEATH 20% 18% 16% 14% 12% 10%
8% 6% 4% 2% 0%
DISTRIBUTION OF PKK TERRORISTS ACCORDING TO THEIR PROVINCE OF DEATH ON THE MAP OF TURKEY
%18-19
DISTRIBUTION OF PKK TERRORISTS ACCORDING TO THEIR REGION OF DEATH (IN TURKEY) 70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0% Eastern Anatolia
South East Anatolia
Mediterranean Region
Central anatolia
Marmara
Black Sea
DISTRIBUTION OF PKK TERRORISTS’ DEATHS BY YEAR 18%
16%
14%
12%
10%
8% 6% 4%
2%
0% 2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
DISTRIBUTION OF PKK TERRORISTS ACCORDING TO THEIR YEAR OF DEATH IN TURKEY AND ABROAD 16%
14%
12%
10%
8%
6%
4%
2%
0% 2001
2002
2003
2004
2005 Turkey
2006 Abroad
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
GENDER DISTRIBUTION OF PKK TERRORISTS ACCORDING TO THEIR YEAR OF DEATH 16%
14%
12%
10%
8%
6%
4%
2%
0% 2001
2002
2003
2004
2005 Men
2006 Women
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
GENDER DISTRIBUTION OF PKK TERRORISTS ACCORDING TO THEIR YEAR OF DEATH (IN TURKEY) 16%
14%
12%
10%
8%
6%
4%
2%
0% 2001
2002
2003
2004
2005 Men
2006 Women
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
DISTRIBUTION OF PKK MILITANTS ACCORDING TO THEIR YEAR OF DEATH (ABROAD) 18% 16% 14% 12% 10% 8% 6% 4% 2% 0% 2001
2002
2003
2004
2005 Men
2006 Women
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
DISTRIBUTION OF MALE PKK TERRORISTS ACCORDING TO THEIR YEAR OF DEATH IN TURKEY AND ABROAD 16%
14%
12%
10%
8%
6%
4%
2%
0% 2001
2002
2003
2004
2005 Turkey
2006 Abroad
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
DISTRIBUTION OF FEMALE PKK MEMBERS ACCORDING TO THEIR YEAR OF DEATH IN TURKEY AND ABROAD 18% 16% 14% 12% 10% 8% 6% 4% 2% 0% 2001
2002
2003
2004
2005 Turkey
2006 Abroad
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
DISTRIBUTION OF PKK TERRORIST DEATHS BY SEASON
Summer 35,01%
Fall 24,14%
Winter 11,62%
Spring 29,24%
DISTRIBUTION OF PKK TERRORISTS ACCORDING TO THE SEASON OF THEIR DEATH IN TURKEY AND ABROAD 30%
25%
20%
Turkey
15%
Abroad
10%
5%
0% Winter
Spring
Summer
Fall
DISTRIBUTION OF PKK TERRORISTS BY MONTH OF DEATH 14%
12%
10%
8%
6%
4%
2%
0%
DISTRIBUTION OF PKK TERRORISTS ACCORDING TO THEIR MONTH OF DEATH IN TURKEY AND ABROAD 12%
10%
8%
6%
4%
2%
0%
Turkey
Abroad
DISTRIBUTION OF TERRORISTS ACCORDING TO THEIR SERVICE TIME IN THE PKK 14% 12% 10% 8% 6% 4% 2%
17 years and over
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
0-1
0%
GENDER DISTRIBUTION OF TERRORISTS ACCORDING TO THEIR SERVICE TIME IN THE PKK 12%
10%
8%
6% Men Women 4%
2%
0% 0-1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17 years and over
MILITANTS’ AVARAGE SERVICE TIME IN THE PKK BY YEAR
Total
6.9
Women
8.3
Men
6.7
DISTRIBUTION OF PKK MILITANTS BY THEIR AGE OF DEATH 12%
10%
8%
6%
4%
2%
0% Age 19 18 and under
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
Age 35 and older
GENDER DISTRIBUTION OF PKK MILITANTS ACCORDING TO THEIR AGE OF DEATH 9%
8% 7% 6% 5% 4% Men 3% 2% 1% 0%
Women
PKK MILITANTS’ AVARAGE AGE OF DEATH
Total
26.4
Women
26
Men
26.4
COMPARASION BETWEEN BIRTH PLACE AND COUNTRY OF RECRUITMENT 80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0% Turkey
Iraq
Iran Birth Place
Syria Country of Recruiment
Europe
Other
COMPRASION BETWEEN PROVINCE OF BIRTH AND PROVINCE OF RECRUITMENT (IN TURKEY) 20% 18% 16%
14% 12% 10%
8% 6% 4% 2% 0%
Birth Place
Province of Recruiment
COMPRASION BETWEEN THE YEAR OF RECRUITMENT AND DEATH 25,00%
20,00%
15,00% Recruitment Year Death Year
10,00%
5,00%
0,00% 2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
The youngest PKK recruit was nine years
old. The oldest PKK recruit was 42 years old. The youngest PKK member who lost his/her life was 14 years old, as the oldest member was 48. The longest period of membership in the PKK is 28 years.
20 18
DYB
16
IST y = 0,425x + 1,5972 R² = 0,2354
Place of recruitment
14 12 MRD 10
VAN
8 SIR
6 HAK BAT TUN SRT
4
SRF ADN AGR ERZ BTS HAT MRS KRS MUS MLT KMR GTP EZG ESK ARD BNG SVS AYD IGD ERC DZC EDR ISP TKD BLK
2 0 0
5
IZM ANK 10
15 Population Ratio
20
25
30
20 18 16
DYB IST
Place of recruitment
14 12 MRD 10
VAN
8 SIR 6 HAK BAT
4 SRF 2 0 1.000 TL
TKD
SRT
IZM ADN AGR HATMRS BTS KRS MUS GTP KMR BNG ARD MLT EZG AYD SVS IGD BLK DZC EDR ERC
1.500 TL
y = -0,0024x + 7,7215 R² = 0,12
TUN
ERZ ESK ISP
2.000 TL 2.500 TL 3.000 TL 3.500 TL Education services expenditure per person(2004-2010)
ANK 4.000 TL
4.500 TL
20 18
16
DYB IST
Place of Recruitment
14 12 MRD 10
VAN
8 SIR
6 HAK 4 2 0 0 TL
BAT SRT
TUN
SRF ADN IZM HAT AGR BTS MRS KRS MUS GTP MLTAYD KMR BNG ARDESK TKD IGD DZC BLK ERC 500 TL
y = -0,0003x + 3,0059 R² = 0,0016 ERZ SVS ISP EDR
EZG
1.000 TL 1.500 TL 2.000 TL Financial Expenses per Person (2004-2010)
ANK 2.500 TL
3.000 TL
20 18 16
DYB IST
Place of Recruitment
14 12 MRD 10
VAN
8 SIR 6 HAK BAT SRT
4 SRF IZM
ADN y = -0,0015x + 4,1914 AGR ERZ R² = 0,0089 HAT MRS BTS KRS MUS ANK GTP KMR MLT EZG BNG ARD SVS BLKDZCAYDESK IGD EDR ERC ISP
2 0 200 TL
TUN
TKD 400 TL
600 TL
800 TL 1.000 TL 1.200 TL 1.400 TL Healt Care expenses per person(2004-2010)
1.600 TL
1.800 TL
20 18
16
DYB IST
Place of Recruitment
14 12 MRD 10
VAN
8 SIR
6 HAK BAT
4 2 0 0 TL
SRF IZM ADN
AGR
HAT MRSKRS MUS GTP KMR MLT ESK ANK EZG ARD AYD SVSIGD DZC TKD BLK EDR ISP 50 TL
TUN
SRT BTS
ERZ
y = -0,009x + 3,9755 R² = 0,0353 BNG
ERC
100 TL 150 TL 200 TL 250 TL 300 TL 350 TL Social security and social assistance expenses per person(2004-2010)
400 TL
450 TL
20 18
DYB
16
IST
Place of Recruitment
14 12 MRD 10
VAN
8 SIR
y = 0,3257x - 1,1928 R² = 0,0547 HAK
6 BAT TUN
4 2
ERZ ERC
0 5
7
SRT SRF
IZM
AGR KRS ARDBLK
MLT ESK EDR TKD IGD 9
HAT MRS ANKEZG KMR GTP AYD SVS ISPBNG DZC
11 13 15 Unemployment Rate- TÜĠK 2010
ADN BTS MUS 17
19
21
20 18
DYB
16
IST
Place of Recruitment
14 12 MRD 10
VAN
8 SIR
6 HAK 4
SRT
BAT
SRF
IZMADN AGR HAT ERZ BTS MRS KRS MUS ANK GTP MLT KMR ESK EZG SVS BNG BLK AYD ARD IGD ISP DZC ERC TKD EDR
2 0 30
35
y = -0,3595x + 19,534 R² = 0,2947
TUN
40
45
50
Labor Force Participation Rate-TÜĠK 2010
55
60
20 DYB IST
Place of Recruitment
15
MRD
10
VAN
SIR HAK BAT
5 SRT
0 25
30
SRF
TUN
ADN IZM AGR ERZ BTS HAT MRS KRS MUS ANK MLT SVS ESK GTPBNGEZG KMR AYD BLK ISP IGD DZC TKD EDR ERCARD 35 40 45 50 y = -0,3786x + 18,293 R² = 0,304
-5 Employment Ratio- TÜĠK 2010
55
20% DYB 18%
16% SIR
Place of Recruitment
14% 12%
MRD
10% 8%
6%
TUN
4% 2%
y = 7E-07x + 0,005 R² = 0,3168
BTS
SRT
HAK
AGR
BAT SRF
VAN
IST
ADN MRS IZM
MUS ERZ EDR ARD MLT IGDHAT GTP 0% DZC Osm ERC ISP Ylv ESK TKD SVS Muğ Kır Ord BNG Den Sam BLK KRS EZG KMR Ant Brs Koc AYD Mns Ady Kny ANK 0 20.000 40.000 60.000
80.000
100.000
120.000
1995 Elections- HADEP Ballot
140.000
160.000
180.000
25% DYB
Place of Recruitment
20% y = 8E-07x - 0,0037 R² = 0,6478
15% MRD
IST
10% VAN TUN 5%
ERZ BAT SIR HAT SRF SRTHAK ANK ADN KMR SVS ESK KRS AGR MRS IZM DZC ERC BLK BTS AYDGTP 0% ISP EDR Ylv Osm Kır ARD TKD Muğ Sam Ord MLT Den BNG EZG Ady IGD Ant Brs Koc Kny Mns MUS 0 50.000 100.000
150.000
-5% 1999 Elections- HADEP Ballot
200.000
250.000
35% IST 30%
Place of Recruitment
25% y = 8E-07x - 0,0106 R² = 0,729 20%
15% VAN 10%
5%
MRD HAK
DYB
BAT
IZM SRT KRS BTS MRS ADN GTP SIR MLT TUN EZG HAT MUS AGR ANK SRF 0% ERC EDR ISP DZC Ylv SVS Osm Kır Ord ESK TKD Muğ Sam Den ARD BLK KMR BNG IGD Ant Brs AYD Koc Ady Kny Mns ERZ 0 50.000 100.000
150.000
200.000
-5% 2002 Elections- DEHAP Ballot
250.000
300.000
350.000
20% IST y = 8E-07x - 0,0021 R² = 0,7805 15%
Place of Recruitment
VAN MRD
DYB
10%
HAK SIR 5% IZM
SRT ADN AGR
SRF
MLT EZG BAT MUS ESK ISP HAT KMR ARD TUN AYD BTS 0% EDR Koc DZC Kır Osm SVS Mns Ord Sam Den Ylv Muğ TKD BLK ERC Kny Brs Ant Ady ANK BNG ERZ KRS IGD GTP MRS 0 50.000
100.000
150.000
-5% 2007 Elections- DTP ( Independent) Ballot
200.000
250.000
40% DYB
35%
Place of Recruitment
30%
25% y = 5E-07x - 0,0073 R² = 0,6561
20% VAN
15% SIR
10%
IST
5%
BNG TKD HAT TUN
0% 0
HAK BAT SRF SRT
EDR EZG DZC ESK ERC Ylv ISP Ord SVS Sam Osm Kır KMR Muğ MLT BLK Den ARD Kny ANK Koc Ady AYD Mns Ant Brs IGD KRS ERZ BTS GTP 50.000
AGR MUS IZM ADN MRS 100.000
MRD 150.000
200.000
250.000
300.000
-5% 2011 Elections- BDP ( Independent) Ballot
350.000
400.000
450.000